English: Proxies of global geodynamic, oceanographic and biogenic events
On the left side, a compilation of exogenic events used in the summary in Schwarzhans (Reference Schwarzhans2019), including a corrected deep-sea temperature curve after van Tuyll et al. (Reference van Tuyll, van de Wal and Oerlemans2007). Blue shaded intervals mark global cooling phases, and red shaded intervals indicate global warming phases. Diatom diversity after Lazarus et al. (Reference Lazarus, Barron, Renaudie, Diver and Türke2014) and abundance after Renaudie (Reference Renaudie2016); graphs stretched to match scale and colored. Mysticete diversity after Marx and Fordyce (Reference Marx and Fordyce2015) and Mysticete gigantism after Bianucci et al. (Reference Bianucci, Marx, Collareta, Di Stefano, Landini, Morigi and Varola2019) with an update for latest Eocene from Marx et al. (Reference Marx, Buono, Evans, Fordyce, Reguero and Hocking2019); graphs stretched to match scale and colored; Mysticete gigantism envelope generated from plots. The number of Diaphus species and Diaphus otolith sizes is clustered for defined time intervals, as seen in the otolith size plot (one plot can be more than one species). Data used to calculate Diaphus otolith sizes and plots are provided in Supplementary Material 2. Abbreviations: EECO, early Eocene climate optimum; LOW, late Oligocene warming; MCO, Miocene climate optimum; MECO, middle Eocene climate optimum; MMCT, middle Miocene climate transition; PETM, Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum; OL, otolith length.